Predictors of alcohol consumption in the past 30 days
| Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Gender | ||||
| Men | 1.870 (1.666 to 2.099) | 0.0001 | 1.573 (1.365 to 1.813) | 0.0001 |
| Women | 1 | 1 | ||
| Age groups | ||||
| 18–24 | 0.502 (0.399 to 0.632) | 0.0001 | 0.610 (0.448 to 0.831) | 0.002 |
| 25–34 | 1.061 (0.895 to 1.257) | 0.495 | 0.888 (0.712 to 1.107) | 0.291 |
| 35–44 | 1.361 (1.151 to 1.610) | 0.0001 | 1.158 (0.932 to 1.439) | 0.185 |
| 45–54 | 1.140 (0.954 to 1.364) | 0.150 | 1.022 (0.818 to 1.277) | 0.851 |
| 55+ | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Kazakh | 0.592 (0.459 to 0.764) | 0.0001 | 0.841 (0.632 to 1.119) | 0.235 |
| Russian | 1.608 (1.236 to 2.092) | 0.0001 | 1.480 (1.106 to 1.980) | 0.008 |
| Uzbek | 0.293 (0.174 to 0.494) | 0.0001 | 0.819 (0.456 to 1.472) | 0.505 |
| Ukrainian | 2.065 (1.319 to 3.231) | 0.0001 | 1.852 (1.138 to 3.013) | 0.013 |
| Uyghur | 0.857 (0.389 to 1.887) | 0.702 | 0.804 (0.341 to 1.896) | 0.618 |
| Tatar | 1.233 (0.779 to 1.951) | 0.370 | 0.804 (0.341 to 1.896) | 0.471 |
| Other | 1 | 1 | ||
| Education level | ||||
| No formal education | 0.526 (0.266 to 1.039) | 0.064 | 1.623 (0.778 to 3.382) | 0.197 |
| Completed primary education (4 grades) | 0.326 (0.042 to 2.558) | 0.286 | 0.155 (0.018 to 1.312) | 0.087 |
| Completed secondary education (9 grades) | 0.865 (0.660 to 1.133) | 0.292 | 0.644 (0.467 to 0.888) | 0.007 |
| Completed secondary education (11 grades) | 0.885 (0.744 to 1.052) | 0.167 | 0.821 (0.660 to 1.022) | 0.078 |
| Higher education | 1.134 (0.972 to 1.323) | 0.110 | 1.094 (0.910 to 1.316) | 0.338 |
| Master’s/PhD/Doctorate | 1 | 1 | ||
| Occupation | ||||
| Government employee | 2.384 (0.714 to 7.963) | 0.158 | 2.212 (0.595 to 8.223) | 0.236 |
| Private sector employee | 3.580 (1.080 to 11.862) | 0.037 | 2.508 (0.685 to 9.182) | 0.165 |
| Budget employee | 2.240 (0.670 to 7.490) | 0.190 | 2.205 (0.592 to 8.213) | 0.239 |
| Entrepreneur | 3.705 (1.106 to 12.410) | 0.034 | 2.476 (0.664 to 9.231) | 0.177 |
| Agriculture worker | 1.651 (0.401 to 6.790) | 0.487 | 1.411 (0.302 to 6.584) | 0.662 |
| Student | 0.959 (0.273 to 3.365) | 0.948 | 1.201 (0.304 to 4.748) | 0.794 |
| Housewife | 1.505 (0.444 to 5.101) | 0.511 | 2.092 (0.552 to 7.921) | 0.299 |
| Pensioner | 2.179 (0.650 to 7.311) | 0.207 | 1.719 (0.456 to 6.483) | 0.424 |
| Unemployed (able to work) | 1.975 (0.579 to 6.735) | 0.277 | 2.227 (0.585 to 8.475) | 0.240 |
| Unemployed (unable to work) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1.007 (0.892 to 1.135) | 0.915 | 0.979 (0.846 to 1.133) | 0.774 |
| Not married | 1 | |||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Astana city | 0.968 (0.525 to 1.785) | 0.916 | 5.246 (3.268 to 8.419) | 0.0001 |
| Almaty city | 1.060 (0.581 to 1.935) | 0.848 | 5.437 (3.416 to 8.654) | 0.0001 |
| Akmola | 2.234 (1.179 to 4.234) | 0.014 | 8.177 (5.056 to 13.224) | 0.0001 |
| Aktobe | 0.273 (0.133 to 0.557) | 0.0001 | 1.107 (0.609 to 2.011) | 0.739 |
| Almaty | 0.528 (0.278 to 1.005) | 0.052 | 1.740 (1.050 to 2.882) | 0.032 |
| Atyrau | 0.761 (0.348 to 1.666) | 0.495 | 0.886 (0.469 to 1.674) | 0.710 |
| West Kazakhstan | 1.817 (0.881 to 3.746) | 0.106 | 4.745 (2.796 to 8.053) | 0.0001 |
| Zhambyl | 1.311 (0.699 to 2.458) | 0.398 | 4.247 (2.634 to 6.847) | 0.0001 |
| Karaganda | 1.685 (0.916 to 3.096) | 0.093 | 7.699 (4.808 to 12.328) | 0.0001 |
| Kostanay | 1.920 (1.027 to 3.590) | 0.041 | 10.919 (6.763 to 17.630) | 0.0001 |
| Kyzylorda | 1.493 (0.713 to 3.130) | 0.288 | 2.067 (1.214 to 3.521) | 0.007 |
| Mangystau | 1.560 (0.802 to 3.035) | 0.190 | 4.066 (2.461 to 6.717) | 0.0001 |
| Turkestan | 0.603 (0.310 to 1.172) | 0.136 | 1.354 (0.807 to 2.273) | 0.251 |
| Pavlodar | 1.798 (0.964 to 3.354) | .065 | 8.915 (5.475 to 14.517) | 0.0001 |
| North Kazakhstan | 1.329 (0.684 to 2.582) | 0.401 | 6.533 (3.868 to 11.035) | 0.0001 |
| East Kazakhstan | 1.277 (0.691 to 2.360) | 0.435 | 5.659 (3.539 to 9.050) | 0.0001 |
| Shymkent city | 1 | 1 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Smokers | 3.992 (3.506 to 4.544) | 0.0001 | 3.075 (2.651 to 3.566) | 0.0001 |
| Non-smokers | 1 | 1 | ||