Estimates from separate logistic regression models examining self-reported exposure to social media platforms among adolescents in six countries (n=9171)
| Parameter | Exposure to Facebook | Exposure to Instagram | Exposure to TikTok | Exposure to Twitter | Exposure to Snapchat | No exposure to social media | ||||||
| Wald χ2 | Odds ratio (CI) | Wald χ2 | Odds ratio (CI) | Wald χ2 | Odds ratio (CI) | Wald χ2 | Odds ratio (CI) | Wald χ2 | Odds ratio (CI) | Wald χ2 | Odds ratio (CI) | |
| Country | 81.7* | 17.6* | 15.2* | 28.4* | 43.3* | 10.0* | ||||||
| AUS vs CAN | 1.28 (1.04 to 1.56) | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.11) | 0.80 (0.64 to 1.00) | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.20) | 0.77 (0.63 to 0.95) | 1.29 (1.01 to 1.66) | ||||||
| AUS vs CHILE | 0.81 (0.63 to 1.04) | 0.48 (0.37 to 0.62) | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.86) | 0.72 (0.52 to 0.99) | 1.96 (1.50 to 2.56) | 1.72 (1.25 to 2.36) | ||||||
| AUS vs MEX | 0.23 (0.18 to 0.30) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.21) | 1.54 (1.15 to 2.04) | 0.37 (0.28 to 0.50) | 1.57 (1.22 to 2.03) | 2.18 (1.57 to 3.03) | ||||||
| AUS vs UK | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.14) | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.05) | 1.05 (0.80 to 1.36) | 0.54 (0.40 to 0.73) | 0.62 (0.48 to 0.79) | 1.59 (1.16 to 2.18) | ||||||
| AUS vs USA | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.06) | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.35) | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.09) | 0.60 (0.44 to 0.81) | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.92) | 1.19 (0.89 to 1.60) | ||||||
| CAN vs CHILE | 0.64 (0.51 to 0.79) | 0.53 (0.43 to 0.66) | 1.76 (1.40 to 2.22) | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.01) | 2.53 (2.02 to 3.18) | 1.33 (1.01 to 1.75) | ||||||
| CAN vs MEX | 0.18 (0.14 to 0.22) | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.28) | 1.92 (1.51 to 2.44) | 0.41 (0.33 to 0.51) | 2.03 (1.64 to 2.50) | 1.69 (1.27 to 2.25) | ||||||
| CAN vs UK | 0.70 (0.56 to 0.87) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.12) | 1.31 (1.04 to 1.64) | 0.59 (0.46 to 0.76) | 0.80 (0.65 to 0.98) | 1.23 (0.93 to 1.63) | ||||||
| CAN vs USA | 0.66 (0.54 to 0.80) | 1.17 (0.96 to 1.42) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.30) | 0.65 (0.52 to 0.82) | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.13) | 0.92 (0.72 to 1.18) | ||||||
| CHILE vs MEX | 0.28 (0.22 to 0.37) | 1.96 (1.54 to 2.51) | 1.09 (0.82 to 1.46) | 0.52 (0.40 to 0.68) | 0.80 (0.61 to 1.05) | 1.27 (0.91 to 1.78) | ||||||
| CHILE vs UK | 1.10 (0.85 to 1.42) | 1.70 (1.32 to 2.19) | 0.74 (0.56 to 0.98) | 0.75 (0.56 to 1.01) | 0.31 (0.24 to 0.41) | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.30) | ||||||
| CHILE vs USA | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.32) | 2.19 (1.71 to 2.80) | 0.60 (0.46 to 0.79) | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.10) | 0.37 (0.29 to 0.48) | 0.69 (0.51 to 0.95) | ||||||
| MEX vs UK | 3.91 (2.99 to 5.10) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.11) | 0.68 (0.51 to 0.91) | 1.46 (1.11 to 1.90) | 0.39 (0.30 to 0.51) | 0.73 (0.51 to 1.03) | ||||||
| MEX vs USA | 3.68 (2.86 to 4.73) | 1.11 (0.88 to 1.42) | 0.55 (0.42 to 0.73) | 1.61 (1.25 to 2.07) | 0.46 (0.36 to 0.59) | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.75) | ||||||
| UK vs USA | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | 1.29 (1.01 to 1.66) | 0.81 (0.63 to 1.05) | 1.11 (0.83 to 1.46) | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.50) | 0.75 (0.54 to 1.04) | ||||||
| Sex | 0.6 | 69.7* | 250.4* | 1.9 | 163.6* | 85.3* | ||||||
| Female vs male | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.18) | 1.50 (1.33 to 1.71) | 2.31 (2.02 to 2.65) | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.07) | 1.87 (1.65 to 2.12) | 0.55 (0.47 to 0.65) | ||||||
| Age | 601.2* | 705.2* | 30.1* | 380.7* | 406.4* | 588.0* | ||||||
| 10–13 years vs 14–17 years | 0.30 (0.26 to 0.34) | 0.27 (0.24 to 0.30) | 1.34 (1.17 to 1.54) | 0.31 (0.27 to 0.36) | 0.37 (0.32 to 0.42) | 6.24 (5.14 to 7.58) | ||||||
| Ethnicity | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Majority vs minority | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.13) | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.20) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.08) | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.14) | 1.09 (0.88 to 1.34) | ||||||
| Perceived income adequacy | 6.1 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 7.6* | 0.4 | 0.1 | ||||||
| Adequate vs inadequate | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.01) | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.27) | 0.93 (0.80 to 1.09) | 1.20 (1.01 to 1.43) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.12) | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.23) | ||||||
| School grades | 11.1* | 2.3 | 10.2* | 2.1 | 7.3* | 12.3* | ||||||
| High vs low | 0.80 (0.66 to 0.97) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) | 0.73 (0.60 to 0.89) | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.51) | 0.83 (0.69 to 1.00) | 1.42 (1.11 to 1.82) | ||||||
| High vs mid | 0.78 (0.68 to 0.90) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.03) | 0.82 (0.71 to 0.96) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.95) | 1.35 (1.13 to 1.61) | ||||||
| Low vs mid | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.38) | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.19) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.22) | ||||||
| BMI | 12.1* | 7.8* | 3.0 | 4.1* | 10.8* | 12.8* | ||||||
| Not reported vs obesity | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.81) | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.94) | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.00) | 0.77 (0.58 to 1.02) | 0.71 (0.56 to 0.90) | 1.86 (1.38 to 2.52) | ||||||
| Not reported vs overweight | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.89) | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90) | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.05) | 0.78 (0.61 to 0.98) | 0.69 (0.56 to 0.84) | 1.59 (1.24 to 2.04) | ||||||
| Not reported vs severe thinness/thinness/normal weight | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.10) | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.90) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.15) | 0.72 (0.61 to 0.85) | 1.32 (1.09 to 1.62) | ||||||
| Obesity vs overweight | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.45) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.28) | 1.09 (0.84 to 1.41) | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.35) | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.24) | 0.85 (0.62 to 1.18) | ||||||
| Obesity vs severe thinness/thinness/normal weight | 1.46 (1.17 to 1.82) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.29) | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.53) | 1.23 (0.96 to 1.59) | 1.02 (0.82 to 1.26) | 0.71 (0.53 to 0.95) | ||||||
| Overweight vs severe thinness/thinness/normal weight | 1.28 (1.08 to 1.53) | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.23) | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.34) | 1.21 (1.00 to 1.48) | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.24) | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.05) | ||||||
The variable listed second is the reference variable.
*Indicates significant Wald χ2 test (p<0.01).
AUS, Australia; BMI, body mass index; CAN, Canada; CI, 99% confidence interval; MEX, Mexico; UK, United Kingdom; USA, United States of America.