Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria of motor vehicle crashes (MVC) participants and non-MVC controls

MVC participantsNon-MVC controls
Inclusion criteria
  • Age ≥18 years.

  • Sustained in last 6 weeks, a minor-to-moderate injury due to MVC in NSW, Australia.

  • A driver, motorbike rider, passenger, pillion passenger, pedestrian and bicyclist (only collision involving a motorised vehicle).

  • Presented to RNSH or RPAH emergency departments, Sydney, Australia.

  • Sufficient English proficiency.

  • Age ≥18 years.

  • No history of MVC, serious injury or traumatic event (ie, w/perceived threat of injury to self or others) in the previous 5 years.

  • Sufficient English proficiency.

Exclusion criteria
  • Catastrophic injury as defined by NSW are lifetime care, that is, a very severe traumatic brain injury, a spinal cord injury, extensive burns to the body (>60%), major amputation or blindness.

  • Serious injury (ISS52 >15).53

  • Localised, superficial soft-tissue injuries.

  • MVC due to intentional self-harm or MVC survivors with severe mental health condition.

  • Death of a family member in the MVC.

  • Dementia or cognitive impairment affecting ability to consent.

  • Catastrophic injury: severe brain injury, spinal cord injury, extensive burns to the body, major amputation or blindness.

  • Severe mental health condition.

  • Dementia or cognitive impairment affecting ability to consent.

  • Chronic disease such as severe heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, obesity and advanced complicated diabetes.

  • Degenerative neurological disease.

  • ISS, Injury Severity Score; RNSH, Royal North Shore Hospital; RPAH, Royal Prince of Alfred Hospital.