RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 The pathway to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children: a questionnaire study
JF BMJ Open
JO BMJ Open
FD British Medical Journal Publishing Group
SP e006470
DO 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006470
VO 5
IS 3
A1 Usher-Smith, Juliet A
A1 Thompson, Matthew J
A1 Zhu, Hannah
A1 Sharp, Stephen J
A1 Walter, Fiona M
YR 2015
UL http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/3/e006470.abstract
AB Objective To explore the pathway to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children. Design Questionnaire completed by parents. Participants Parents of children aged 1 month to 16 years diagnosed with T1D within the previous 3 months. Setting Children and parents from 11 hospitals within the East of England. Results 88/164 (54%) invited families returned the questionnaire. Children had mean±SD age of 9.41±4.5 years. 35 (39.8%) presented with diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis. The most common symptoms were polydipsia (97.7%), polyuria (83.9%), tiredness (75.9%), nocturia (73.6%) and weight loss (64.4%) and all children presented with at least one of those symptoms. The time from symptom onset to diagnosis ranged from 2 to 315 days (median 25 days). Most of this was the appraisal interval from symptom onset until perceiving the need to seek medical advice. Access to healthcare was good but one in five children presenting to primary care were not diagnosed at first encounter, most commonly due to waiting for fasting blood tests or alternative diagnoses. Children diagnosed at first consultation had a shorter duration of symptoms (p=0.022) and children whose parents suspected the diagnosis were 1.3 times more likely (relative risk (RR) 1.3, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.67) to be diagnosed at first consultation. Conclusions Children present with the known symptoms of T1D but there is considerable scope to improve the diagnostic pathway. Future interventions targeted at parents need to address the tendency of parents to find alternative explanations for symptoms and the perceived barriers to access, in addition to symptom awareness.